Behavioral Change

Media provide adequate information to people. Information is knowledge and knowledge is power. It means information make the people powerful by knowledge. The functions of media are to inform, to educate, to entertain, to persuade and to socialize.

Media make people mature, so if the watch, heard or read the news related accident the do not be panic. Due to repetition of these types of news time to time, people take it without panic. People draw their attention to receive information by media. So information has been established as basic needs of people. They don not look to sky to know the weather of the day, but they tune to radio or television. Media has been appropriate medium for information which is related with daily human life. So dependency to media is growing up day by day.

Media provide in formation as quick as they can. These types of flow of information make behavior of people quick. They can do their duty on time. Media grow consciousness of people and consciousness makes them empowered.

We can know many individuals who are from different sector. It makes people socialized as well as culture of collaboration will grow by media. Discussion and interaction is possible with the help of media. Behaviour of people to reach to conclusion will be developed.

News Bulletin

The bulletin is more than a sum-total of a number of stories. The bulletin is a collective form in which the separate news items are brought into a coherent order and some relationship.

Bhatt

News bulletin is the transmitting time of sum-total of news stories, which is determined by media. In time of news bulletin, fresh news is presented separately in same time. Media house has mentioned certain time for regular news bulletin, but sometime in particular incident or condition, media house may broadcast special bulletin.

Skill and editorial idea should have presented by professional communicator in news bulletin. Especially, the time of news bulletin in radio is 10 to 15 minutes. Some time the bulletin has space of 5 minutes without headlines.   

Elements of News Bulletin

The headline

Main points of broadcast media are the headline of broadcast media. The bulletin, which has space of 10 minutes, is every hour news bulletin. These types of bulletin have few headlines. Commonly these types of news bulletin mentions 4 headlines. The news bulletin, which has space of 15 minutes, has 5 headlines. But some bulletin may be long, may one hour time space. We can aspect comprehensive news matter in these type bulletins. The headline is repeated in mid time of bulletin.

The body of bulletin

News anchor reads different news after reading of headline. Different news is the body of bulletin. But the anchor reads some news without headline. These types of news are based on formal program. The news will present with headline in beginning period of bulletin, which has especial news value.

The break or commercial break

News anchor stops news reading while he/she is reading news continuously in news bulletin. To stopping of news is for presentation of identity of the media. For example, if the news anchor of Radio Nepal stops the news and says this is Radio Nepal, you are listening news of 9 o'clock bulletin. It proved that the news bulletin broadcasting by particular media.  Different news bulletin may be broadcasting at same time. If there is no break listener may be in dilemma that which bulletin is broadcasting? Radio station may face this type of identity problem.

After break for identity of station, media broadcast advertisements as commercial message. Broadcasting time of new bulletin is significant. So rate of advertisement is expensive, which is casting in time of news bulletin.

The repeated headline

News anchor repeats headlines of the news before ending of news. The audiences who have not got chance to heard headline, they get chance to know about previously broadcasted news. Radio and television both media have followed this types of trend. Television shows footage of related subject matter with script and similarly radio broadcasts only the related bite of audio.

Presentation of News

News anchor present the news after preparation the news. News presentation is also an art, thus pre-exercise is necessary is this art. The news anchors are these types of journalists, who have qualification of news reading. He/she should have good pronunciation as well as presentation of feelings.

News anchoring is final stage of news oriented task of news presentation. To collecting, writing, editing than broadcasting of news are major tasks of broadcast journalism.

News anchor should be aware with language, feelings and technical part during news presentation. If something has been mistake, it may affect to the whole image of media house. Thus the news anchor should be attractive, balance, conscious and efficient with good image. He/she should be cleat that what type of matter is reading by them. The news should be read by them seriously before on air. If they do not it they may be in dilemma. Qualities of 3C are necessary to the professional communicators of broadcast media. The term 3C refers to clarity, comprehensiveness and Command. 3C is basic qualities of news anchor.

News anchor should draw attention to their respiration.  If the anchor couldn't control his/her respiration echo will be created in sound. It will not better impact to audience. In the moment of news anchoring gesture and eye contact should be balanced.

In news anchoring the anchor should give stress to significant words and sentence. But he/she should not give stress to wrong words and sentences. He/she draw attention to this idea before airing the news.

Introduction of news

News comes from plural form of new. The origin of news is 'Nova', which is Latin word. Nova means new thing. So news is new information, message, event and invention.

According to Oxford Learners' Dictionary, news is information about something that has happened recently or reports of recent event hat appear in newspaper or on television or the internet.

Harold Evan has said news is people. We can understand news is concerning matter to people. News is kinds of task in journalism, which fulfill the right of know of people. People always want to know what happening cotemporary society of world is.

Facts in information are backbone of news. So news is closely related with fact. But all fact is not news. So, the combination of fact and journalistic presentation makes news. Journalistic presentation means the writing form of news.

Reporters gather information and they write or type in certain form of news. The editors correct fact and figure. After purifying, media disseminate or broadcast it. So news collection and selection is major task of journalism and it is major content of mass media.

People want to read, view and listen the matter, which is hidden. Reporters search the hidden matter to disclose. So news is the reported matter by reporter. News is not imaginary and fiction type of writing. It means news is nonfiction reporting. News must be factual.

The facts, which is not written in journalistic form is not news. Gossip, rumor, propaganda, literature, history are not news, though they are in written form.

Some definition of news

News is the timely reports of fact or opinion of either internet or importance or both, to considerable of people.

Michael V. Charnlay

When a dog a dog bite a man that is not news; but a man bites a dog, which is news.

John B. Bogan

News is a new piece of information about significant and recent event that affect the audience and is of interest them.

Paul De Maeseneer

Op-ed page

Editorial is regular publishing matter regarding print media. News paper or magazine publishes one or two editorial in inside of paper. Editorial is opinion or vision of the media. Article on contemporary issue, which has been published opposite of editorial page is op-ed. The meaning of op-ed is opposite to editorial.

Development Journalism

Development journalism is a part of development communication. It is relatively a new concept emerged in Third world countries. In the post colonial era, after World War II, when a number or countries became independent, they observed that western media were not interested in the development activities launched massively by developing countries. Instead, developing countries realized that the powerful media based on west always presented the darker side of life-such as corruption, assassination, coups, disaster, war etc.-in their news coverage as if nothing good occurs in these countries. This type of western-media-behavior seriously troubled communication experts and media practitioners of the Third World countries and enforced them to derive an alternative communication model. As a result,   development journalism emerged in the 1960s. The concept of development journalism was presented by Hong Kong residential British media scholar Yalan Chaley.   

Development journalism is a particular branch of journalism that insists on the speedy transformation of a country from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth, and makes possible greater economic and social equality, and the larger fulfillment of human potential. The purpose of developments journalism is to create a sense that development can be nobody's gift but the result of one's own labor.

Development is not only the passage from the poor to rich or from a traditional economy to a sophisticated urban one. Economic growth is just a part of development, not the whole. Development, in the real sense, is not only the idea of economic betterment, but also a great human dignity, security, justice, and equality. Development is measured in the overall improvement of the lives of the people. Development journalism basically focuses on:

-         What is the reason behind underdevelopment?

-         Why do development efforts fail?

-         How to do development?

Since development is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, the development journalism has to cover the whole complex and interlocking web of socio-economic activities. It should also work for political and cultural change as per the need of the society. Development journalism requires honest collections, intelligent processing, and interesting presentation of news, views or any other information. Reporters need to work more seriously to get information and skillfully so as to convince the targeted audience.

Development journalism does not follow the traditional concept of bad news is good news. But it does not mean that development reporting should be one-side or propagandist. Development mainstream should also follow the basic norms and values of superficial. Attending only press conferences and writing some paragraphs about a development is project or a speech of a minister on development is not enough to represent the overall notion of development journalism. A development journalist must seek causes and effects of activities related to developmental aspects.

Public Journalism: Public journalism, comparatively a new concept, emerged in the United States following the 1988 presidential elections, insists on journalist ' responsibility to promote civic commitment and citizens' participation in a democratic process. Public journalism believes that journalists should try to improve the quality of public life. It provides a public forum for ordinary citizens to be helped. It contributes on identifying and resolving public problems. Scholars say that public journalists should write and speak from the perspective of ordinary people rather than articulating the viewpoints of political leaders.