Objective Representation: Photographs as Facts

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Dona Schwartz

 

On December 31, 1996 the Minneapolis Star Tribune published a photograph on its front page that had been shot by one of the staff's most respected photographers, Stormi Greener. The photograph showed the snow covered St. Croix River and the bridge that spans it and connects Wisconsin to Minnesota. The photograph accompanied a story about the US Department of the Interior's veto if a proposal to build a new bridge. Rather than the usual kudos recognizing her efforts, the newspaper awarded Greener a two-day suspension without pay. She had committed an egregious offense: Unbeknown to her editors, she had digitally eliminated power lines from the photograph before it went to press. The Star Tribune's "Visual content editor." Bill Dunn, explained that Greener had violated the newspaper's policy governing digital manipulation of photographs: "We do not manipulate or alter any photography, with the exception of dust spots or imperfections on the negative….we make every effort to publish what the camera saw' (Gilyard 1997,7).

News Bulletin

The bulletin is more than a sum-total of a number of stories. The bulletin is a collective form in which the separate news items are brought into a coherent order and some relationship.

Bhatt

News bulletin is the transmitting time of sum-total of news stories, which is determined by media. In time of news bulletin, fresh news is presented separately in same time. Media house has mentioned certain time for regular news bulletin, but sometime in particular incident or condition, media house may broadcast special bulletin.

Skill and editorial idea should have presented by professional communicator in news bulletin. Especially, the time of news bulletin in radio is 10 to 15 minutes. Some time the bulletin has space of 5 minutes without headlines.   

Elements of News Bulletin

The headline

Main points of broadcast media are the headline of broadcast media. The bulletin, which has space of 10 minutes, is every hour news bulletin. These types of bulletin have few headlines. Commonly these types of news bulletin mentions 4 headlines. The news bulletin, which has space of 15 minutes, has 5 headlines. But some bulletin may be long, may one hour time space. We can aspect comprehensive news matter in these type bulletins. The headline is repeated in mid time of bulletin.

The body of bulletin

News anchor reads different news after reading of headline. Different news is the body of bulletin. But the anchor reads some news without headline. These types of news are based on formal program. The news will present with headline in beginning period of bulletin, which has especial news value.

The break or commercial break

News anchor stops news reading while he/she is reading news continuously in news bulletin. To stopping of news is for presentation of identity of the media. For example, if the news anchor of Radio Nepal stops the news and says this is Radio Nepal, you are listening news of 9 o'clock bulletin. It proved that the news bulletin broadcasting by particular media.  Different news bulletin may be broadcasting at same time. If there is no break listener may be in dilemma that which bulletin is broadcasting? Radio station may face this type of identity problem.

After break for identity of station, media broadcast advertisements as commercial message. Broadcasting time of new bulletin is significant. So rate of advertisement is expensive, which is casting in time of news bulletin.

The repeated headline

News anchor repeats headlines of the news before ending of news. The audiences who have not got chance to heard headline, they get chance to know about previously broadcasted news. Radio and television both media have followed this types of trend. Television shows footage of related subject matter with script and similarly radio broadcasts only the related bite of audio.

Presentation of News

News anchor present the news after preparation the news. News presentation is also an art, thus pre-exercise is necessary is this art. The news anchors are these types of journalists, who have qualification of news reading. He/she should have good pronunciation as well as presentation of feelings.

News anchoring is final stage of news oriented task of news presentation. To collecting, writing, editing than broadcasting of news are major tasks of broadcast journalism.

News anchor should be aware with language, feelings and technical part during news presentation. If something has been mistake, it may affect to the whole image of media house. Thus the news anchor should be attractive, balance, conscious and efficient with good image. He/she should be cleat that what type of matter is reading by them. The news should be read by them seriously before on air. If they do not it they may be in dilemma. Qualities of 3C are necessary to the professional communicators of broadcast media. The term 3C refers to clarity, comprehensiveness and Command. 3C is basic qualities of news anchor.

News anchor should draw attention to their respiration.  If the anchor couldn't control his/her respiration echo will be created in sound. It will not better impact to audience. In the moment of news anchoring gesture and eye contact should be balanced.

In news anchoring the anchor should give stress to significant words and sentence. But he/she should not give stress to wrong words and sentences. He/she draw attention to this idea before airing the news.

Media-imperialism Versus cultural identity

- Nirmala Mani Adhikary

If we ask question that do the mass media produce direct, immediate and powerful influences on the audiences, then a simple yes or no answer is not possible. Sometimes the media seem powerful and sometimes not. We can see that an international 'media culture' has come to stay in which certain languages, cultures and types of story have come to find wide influences in all over the world. The mass media play a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life in these days. The sociological significance of media extends beyond the content of media messages. Their influence is not limited to what we know. People learn and internalize some values, beliefs and norms presented in the media products. Media also affect how we learn about our world and interact with one another. They provide a diversion, a source of conflict, or a unifying force. Such impact is almost obvious when we look at the ways in which the mass media mediate our relationships.

Objective Representation: Photographs as Facts

Dona Schwartz

On December 31, 1996 the Minneapolis Star Tribune published a photograph on its front page that had been shot by one of the staff's most respected photographers, Stormi Greener. The photograph showed the snow covered St. Croix River and the bridge that spans it and connects Wisconsin to Minnesota. The photograph accompanied a story about the US Department of the Interior's veto if a proposal to build a new bridge. Rather than the usual kudos recognizing her efforts, the newspaper awarded Greener a two-day suspension without pay. She had committed an egregious offense: Unbeknown to her editors, she had digitally eliminated power lines from the photograph before it went to press. The Star Tribune's "Visual content editor." Bill Dunn, explained that Greener had violated the newspaper's policy governing digital manipulation of photographs: "We do not manipulate or alter any photography, with the exception of dust spots or imperfections on the negative….we make every effort to publish what the camera saw' (Gilyard 1997,7).