Introduction of news

News comes from plural form of new. The origin of news is 'Nova', which is Latin word. Nova means new thing. So news is new information, message, event and invention.

According to Oxford Learners' Dictionary, news is information about something that has happened recently or reports of recent event hat appear in newspaper or on television or the internet.

Harold Evan has said news is people. We can understand news is concerning matter to people. News is kinds of task in journalism, which fulfill the right of know of people. People always want to know what happening cotemporary society of world is.

Facts in information are backbone of news. So news is closely related with fact. But all fact is not news. So, the combination of fact and journalistic presentation makes news. Journalistic presentation means the writing form of news.

Reporters gather information and they write or type in certain form of news. The editors correct fact and figure. After purifying, media disseminate or broadcast it. So news collection and selection is major task of journalism and it is major content of mass media.

People want to read, view and listen the matter, which is hidden. Reporters search the hidden matter to disclose. So news is the reported matter by reporter. News is not imaginary and fiction type of writing. It means news is nonfiction reporting. News must be factual.

The facts, which is not written in journalistic form is not news. Gossip, rumor, propaganda, literature, history are not news, though they are in written form.

Some definition of news

News is the timely reports of fact or opinion of either internet or importance or both, to considerable of people.

Michael V. Charnlay

When a dog a dog bite a man that is not news; but a man bites a dog, which is news.

John B. Bogan

News is a new piece of information about significant and recent event that affect the audience and is of interest them.

Paul De Maeseneer

Op-ed page

Editorial is regular publishing matter regarding print media. News paper or magazine publishes one or two editorial in inside of paper. Editorial is opinion or vision of the media. Article on contemporary issue, which has been published opposite of editorial page is op-ed. The meaning of op-ed is opposite to editorial.

Development Journalism

Development journalism is a part of development communication. It is relatively a new concept emerged in Third world countries. In the post colonial era, after World War II, when a number or countries became independent, they observed that western media were not interested in the development activities launched massively by developing countries. Instead, developing countries realized that the powerful media based on west always presented the darker side of life-such as corruption, assassination, coups, disaster, war etc.-in their news coverage as if nothing good occurs in these countries. This type of western-media-behavior seriously troubled communication experts and media practitioners of the Third World countries and enforced them to derive an alternative communication model. As a result,   development journalism emerged in the 1960s. The concept of development journalism was presented by Hong Kong residential British media scholar Yalan Chaley.   

Development journalism is a particular branch of journalism that insists on the speedy transformation of a country from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth, and makes possible greater economic and social equality, and the larger fulfillment of human potential. The purpose of developments journalism is to create a sense that development can be nobody's gift but the result of one's own labor.

Development is not only the passage from the poor to rich or from a traditional economy to a sophisticated urban one. Economic growth is just a part of development, not the whole. Development, in the real sense, is not only the idea of economic betterment, but also a great human dignity, security, justice, and equality. Development is measured in the overall improvement of the lives of the people. Development journalism basically focuses on:

-         What is the reason behind underdevelopment?

-         Why do development efforts fail?

-         How to do development?

Since development is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, the development journalism has to cover the whole complex and interlocking web of socio-economic activities. It should also work for political and cultural change as per the need of the society. Development journalism requires honest collections, intelligent processing, and interesting presentation of news, views or any other information. Reporters need to work more seriously to get information and skillfully so as to convince the targeted audience.

Development journalism does not follow the traditional concept of bad news is good news. But it does not mean that development reporting should be one-side or propagandist. Development mainstream should also follow the basic norms and values of superficial. Attending only press conferences and writing some paragraphs about a development is project or a speech of a minister on development is not enough to represent the overall notion of development journalism. A development journalist must seek causes and effects of activities related to developmental aspects.

Public Journalism: Public journalism, comparatively a new concept, emerged in the United States following the 1988 presidential elections, insists on journalist ' responsibility to promote civic commitment and citizens' participation in a democratic process. Public journalism believes that journalists should try to improve the quality of public life. It provides a public forum for ordinary citizens to be helped. It contributes on identifying and resolving public problems. Scholars say that public journalists should write and speak from the perspective of ordinary people rather than articulating the viewpoints of political leaders.

Communication Process (संचार प्रक्रिया)

सूचना वा सन्देशको आदान प्रदान गरीने प्रक्रियालाई संचार प्रकृया भनिन्छ। संचार प्रकृया मा विभिन्न तत्वहरु हुन्छन् जो एक अर्कामा अन्तरसम्बन्धित हुन्छन।

Elements of Communication Process (संचार प्रकृयाका तत्वहरु)

• Source or Sender (श्रोत वा प्रेषक)

श्रोत भन्नाले त्यस्तो पक्ष वा निकाय हो जो संग कुनै जानकारी छ र उसले आफु संग रहेको जानकारी अरुलाइ साझेदारी गर्न चाहन्छ वा त्यसको लागी पहल गर्छ। जसलाई वक्ता, प्रेषक, श्रोत, संचारकर्मी वा संचारसंस्था वा सुचना संप्रेषणकर्ता पनि भनिन्छ। श्रोत एउटा वा थुप्रै पनि हुन सक्छन्। श्रोत व्यक्ती वा संस्था पनि हुन सक्छ। तर श्रोत संग जानकारी गराउन लागेको विषय, घटना वा व्यक्तीका वारेमा जानकारी हुनु पर्दछ। त्यस्तै उक्त जानकारी कस्तो प्रापकलाई वा श्रोतालाई पठाउन खोजिएको हो उसले त्यसको पनि ख्याल राख्नु पर्दछ।

Communication (संचार)

प्रेषक र प्रापक वा वक्ता र श्रोता विच उद्देश्यमुलक ढंगले कुनै पनि संकेत चिन्ह वा हाउभाउको सहायता वाट कुनै पनि विषय वा व्यक्ती को वारेका जानकारी वा सूचनाको आदान प्रदान गरीने प्रक्रियालाइ संचार भनिन्छ।संचार एउटा यस्तो प्रकृया हो जसले सबैलाइ (संसारलाइ) जोडेर एकता वद्ध गर्ने काम गर्छ । सचारद्धारा नै मानव, अभिव्यक्ती, अनुभव तथा कुनै पनि घटना विषय वा व्यक्ती को वारेका जानकारी वा सूचनाको आदान प्रदान गर्न सकीन्छ।मानिस एउटा समाजिक प्राणी भएकाले संचार उसको समाजिकीकरण गर्ने मुल माध्यम हो।संचार विना हरेक प्राणी यस संसारमा रहन सक्दैन।यसको क्रमबद्ध विकाशले नै संसारको विकाश यहाँ सम्म आइपुगको हो।यदी सही रुपमा संचार नहुदो हो त मानिस आज सम्म पनि ढुगे युगमा नै हुन्थे होलान्।Communication (संचार) भन्ने शब्द Latin भाषाको Communis (noun) र Communicare (verb) बाट आएको शब्द हो । जसमा Communis भन्नाले common साझेदारी हो भने Communicare भन्नाले to make common साझेदारी गर्नु हुन्छ। Oxford Dictionary का अनुसार Communication(संचार) भन्नाले विचार वा भावना अभिव्यक्त गर्ने जनतालाइ सूचना दिने, टेलिफोन, रेडीयो, internet द्धारा सुचना दिने कार्य हो।

Interpretative Reporting

If the news has presented in ditto, all audience will not understand it. But journalist should not create dilemma to audience. Journalists should clarify the context and subject matter to the audience.

This type of reporting is not in depth reporting. But this type of reporting has some description, analysis and clarification. It makes the audience clear to the subject matter.
For example, the cause of accident in expedition to Mount Everest of Babuchhiri Sherpa, a popular mountaineer, was kharpus, which was published in Kantipur daily afeter his demise. If the reporter had written only khapus the audience were not understand the word. The reporter had written about the kharpus. The word kharpus is the pieces of ice, if the mountaineer keeps his/her foot him/her may attempt the accident.
So in interpretive reporting reporter should make easy to understand their news with description, meaning and background.

Advocacy Journalism

Provide factual information to people is the duty of journalist. Journalists are disseminating information to people on the basis of their writing. But in some particular subject matter or incident the journalists have to disseminate news as the advocacy, which is done by an advocate in court.
There is some particular subject matter which is related with problem of people, at the same time the authority or government has not been hearing the problem of people. In this type of situation, the journalists should have been as advocate by their writing to raise the voice of people. In purpose to provide the place of voice voiceless people, journalists do advocacy journalism.
There is some particular problem related with basic need and human right, which is facing by the people. Backwardness due to race, area, gender, geography, class; the voice of the people has not hearing by anybody or authority. And nobody has asked about the burning issue. In this situation the journalists should have express voice in behalf of the people who are facing the problem. This type of journalism is advocacy journalism.
If convention, treaty, constitution, Act, regulation have been mentioned, but not have implied, in this situation, the journalist should have follow this issue to flash the reality. If the government has not drawn its attention to solve public problem and the people are facing injustice by state and non state part, the real situation should have come out by being voice by journalism sector. The motto of journalism is to make ideal society. Different factor may be playing particular role to disturbing to this type of motto. In this situation the journalism sector should be standby in real sense.
Somebody is doing better in society, but they have not any publicity as persuasion. Journalist should bring out this type of better practice. This type of practice is journalism is advocacy journalism.

Indian Press History

Under British Rule

- Bengal Gazette (English weekly) published by James Augustus Hicky in 1780 Jan 29th from Calcutta. It was the first news paper in South Asian sub- continent

- Bengal Gazette alias ‘Hicky Gazette’, ‘Calcutta General Advertiser’

- Declaration ‘a weekly political and commercial paper open to all but influenced by none’

- Hicky had his own column, many persons wrote by pen names.

- Bengal Gazette could not survive more than two years due to sharp confrontation with Governer General Warren Hastings and Chief Justice Elijah Impey.

- Indian Gazette as a rival to Bengal Gazette, published in the same year (1780) by Peter Read, a salt agent (backing by Hastings).

- After Bengal Gazette, other publications from India were- Madras Courier weekly (1785), Bombay Herald weekly (1789) merged into Bombay Gazette in 1791, Hurukaru weekly (1793), Calcutta Chronicle (1818), Bengal Journal, Indian world, Bengal Harkarer etc.

- In the early period newspapers in India were run by Britishers.


RUDYARD KIPLING

A renowned man of the pen – born in Bombay – his father, a British citizen was a government officer in India – Rudyard joined Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore) in 1872 at the age of 17- worked for five years in Gazette- then moved to the Pioneer- his writings specially monologue and fictions were very impressive- ‘writing and every thing associated with, is a glorious fun’, ‘I love both the fun and riot of writing’- after suffering from malaria he was compelled to left India and went to England in1890- he served about 7 years in India as a journalist- he is still remembered as a creative journalist in the history of Indian journalism- reflections of his Indian experience can be seen in his several writings.

Indian’s involvement in publication

- Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the pioneer Indian journalist and social reformer

- By his inspiration Gangadhar Bhattacharjee published Bengal Gazette (1816),
the first Indian owned English daily newspaper, but could not survive long

- Raja’s own publications- Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali 1821), Mirut ul Akhbar (Persian 1822) and Brahminical Magazine (English 1822)

- Press Regulation –1823 imposed by British govt. in India to control newspapers.

- The regulation was used as a tool to deport James Silk Buckingham, Editor of Calcutta Chronicle.

- Raja presented a petition to Supreme Court to protest the regulation in favour of J.S. Buckingham.

- It was his bold step for the preservation of press freedom, however he defeated the case.


- Anti reformists Hindu fundamentalists published Samachar Chandrika weekly to challenge Raja’s social reforms.

- Raja passed away in 1833

- 1857 Mutiny (the first war of Indian independence) was a turning point to Indian journalism.

- In the issue of mutiny, British owned press and Indian owned press blamed each other in the lowest level.

- British owned press acted like blood mongers of Indians.

- This event worked as a fuel to Indian owned press against the British rule in India.

- Pioneers Indian journalists on those days- Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Gangadhar Bhattacharjee, Bhawani Charan Bannerjee, Dwarkanath Tagore, Girish Chandra Ghose, Harischandra Mukharjee, Ishworchandra Vidyasagar, Kristo Pal, Manmohan Ghose, Keshub Chander Sen etc.

- Other major publications by Indians- The Reformer, Enquirer, Gyan Auneshun, Bengal Herald, Bang Doot, Hindu Patriot, Indian Mirror, Sulab Samachar, etc.

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) is a term that was coined in a debate over media representations of the developing world in UNESCO in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The term was widely used by the MacBride Commission, a UNESCO panel chaired by Nobel Prize winner Seán MacBride, which was charged with creation of a set of recommendations to make global media representation more equitable. The MacBride Commission produced a report titled "Many Voices, One World", which outlined the main philosophical points of the New World Information Communication Order.

Rights relating to communication have been central to the concept of universal human rights emerging in the mid-20th century, and its consolidation in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The idea of a “right to communicate”was at the centre of an international diplomatic row that lasted several years the debate over what became known as a New World Information and Communication Order - NWICO.

Media-imperialism Versus cultural identity

- Nirmala Mani Adhikary

If we ask question that do the mass media produce direct, immediate and powerful influences on the audiences, then a simple yes or no answer is not possible. Sometimes the media seem powerful and sometimes not. We can see that an international 'media culture' has come to stay in which certain languages, cultures and types of story have come to find wide influences in all over the world. The mass media play a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life in these days. The sociological significance of media extends beyond the content of media messages. Their influence is not limited to what we know. People learn and internalize some values, beliefs and norms presented in the media products. Media also affect how we learn about our world and interact with one another. They provide a diversion, a source of conflict, or a unifying force. Such impact is almost obvious when we look at the ways in which the mass media mediate our relationships.