Communication Process (संचार प्रक्रिया)

सूचना वा सन्देशको आदान प्रदान गरीने प्रक्रियालाई संचार प्रकृया भनिन्छ। संचार प्रकृया मा विभिन्न तत्वहरु हुन्छन् जो एक अर्कामा अन्तरसम्बन्धित हुन्छन।

Elements of Communication Process (संचार प्रकृयाका तत्वहरु)

• Source or Sender (श्रोत वा प्रेषक)

श्रोत भन्नाले त्यस्तो पक्ष वा निकाय हो जो संग कुनै जानकारी छ र उसले आफु संग रहेको जानकारी अरुलाइ साझेदारी गर्न चाहन्छ वा त्यसको लागी पहल गर्छ। जसलाई वक्ता, प्रेषक, श्रोत, संचारकर्मी वा संचारसंस्था वा सुचना संप्रेषणकर्ता पनि भनिन्छ। श्रोत एउटा वा थुप्रै पनि हुन सक्छन्। श्रोत व्यक्ती वा संस्था पनि हुन सक्छ। तर श्रोत संग जानकारी गराउन लागेको विषय, घटना वा व्यक्तीका वारेमा जानकारी हुनु पर्दछ। त्यस्तै उक्त जानकारी कस्तो प्रापकलाई वा श्रोतालाई पठाउन खोजिएको हो उसले त्यसको पनि ख्याल राख्नु पर्दछ।

Communication (संचार)

प्रेषक र प्रापक वा वक्ता र श्रोता विच उद्देश्यमुलक ढंगले कुनै पनि संकेत चिन्ह वा हाउभाउको सहायता वाट कुनै पनि विषय वा व्यक्ती को वारेका जानकारी वा सूचनाको आदान प्रदान गरीने प्रक्रियालाइ संचार भनिन्छ।संचार एउटा यस्तो प्रकृया हो जसले सबैलाइ (संसारलाइ) जोडेर एकता वद्ध गर्ने काम गर्छ । सचारद्धारा नै मानव, अभिव्यक्ती, अनुभव तथा कुनै पनि घटना विषय वा व्यक्ती को वारेका जानकारी वा सूचनाको आदान प्रदान गर्न सकीन्छ।मानिस एउटा समाजिक प्राणी भएकाले संचार उसको समाजिकीकरण गर्ने मुल माध्यम हो।संचार विना हरेक प्राणी यस संसारमा रहन सक्दैन।यसको क्रमबद्ध विकाशले नै संसारको विकाश यहाँ सम्म आइपुगको हो।यदी सही रुपमा संचार नहुदो हो त मानिस आज सम्म पनि ढुगे युगमा नै हुन्थे होलान्।Communication (संचार) भन्ने शब्द Latin भाषाको Communis (noun) र Communicare (verb) बाट आएको शब्द हो । जसमा Communis भन्नाले common साझेदारी हो भने Communicare भन्नाले to make common साझेदारी गर्नु हुन्छ। Oxford Dictionary का अनुसार Communication(संचार) भन्नाले विचार वा भावना अभिव्यक्त गर्ने जनतालाइ सूचना दिने, टेलिफोन, रेडीयो, internet द्धारा सुचना दिने कार्य हो।

Interpretative Reporting

If the news has presented in ditto, all audience will not understand it. But journalist should not create dilemma to audience. Journalists should clarify the context and subject matter to the audience.

This type of reporting is not in depth reporting. But this type of reporting has some description, analysis and clarification. It makes the audience clear to the subject matter.
For example, the cause of accident in expedition to Mount Everest of Babuchhiri Sherpa, a popular mountaineer, was kharpus, which was published in Kantipur daily afeter his demise. If the reporter had written only khapus the audience were not understand the word. The reporter had written about the kharpus. The word kharpus is the pieces of ice, if the mountaineer keeps his/her foot him/her may attempt the accident.
So in interpretive reporting reporter should make easy to understand their news with description, meaning and background.

Advocacy Journalism

Provide factual information to people is the duty of journalist. Journalists are disseminating information to people on the basis of their writing. But in some particular subject matter or incident the journalists have to disseminate news as the advocacy, which is done by an advocate in court.
There is some particular subject matter which is related with problem of people, at the same time the authority or government has not been hearing the problem of people. In this type of situation, the journalists should have been as advocate by their writing to raise the voice of people. In purpose to provide the place of voice voiceless people, journalists do advocacy journalism.
There is some particular problem related with basic need and human right, which is facing by the people. Backwardness due to race, area, gender, geography, class; the voice of the people has not hearing by anybody or authority. And nobody has asked about the burning issue. In this situation the journalists should have express voice in behalf of the people who are facing the problem. This type of journalism is advocacy journalism.
If convention, treaty, constitution, Act, regulation have been mentioned, but not have implied, in this situation, the journalist should have follow this issue to flash the reality. If the government has not drawn its attention to solve public problem and the people are facing injustice by state and non state part, the real situation should have come out by being voice by journalism sector. The motto of journalism is to make ideal society. Different factor may be playing particular role to disturbing to this type of motto. In this situation the journalism sector should be standby in real sense.
Somebody is doing better in society, but they have not any publicity as persuasion. Journalist should bring out this type of better practice. This type of practice is journalism is advocacy journalism.

Indian Press History

Under British Rule

- Bengal Gazette (English weekly) published by James Augustus Hicky in 1780 Jan 29th from Calcutta. It was the first news paper in South Asian sub- continent

- Bengal Gazette alias ‘Hicky Gazette’, ‘Calcutta General Advertiser’

- Declaration ‘a weekly political and commercial paper open to all but influenced by none’

- Hicky had his own column, many persons wrote by pen names.

- Bengal Gazette could not survive more than two years due to sharp confrontation with Governer General Warren Hastings and Chief Justice Elijah Impey.

- Indian Gazette as a rival to Bengal Gazette, published in the same year (1780) by Peter Read, a salt agent (backing by Hastings).

- After Bengal Gazette, other publications from India were- Madras Courier weekly (1785), Bombay Herald weekly (1789) merged into Bombay Gazette in 1791, Hurukaru weekly (1793), Calcutta Chronicle (1818), Bengal Journal, Indian world, Bengal Harkarer etc.

- In the early period newspapers in India were run by Britishers.


RUDYARD KIPLING

A renowned man of the pen – born in Bombay – his father, a British citizen was a government officer in India – Rudyard joined Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore) in 1872 at the age of 17- worked for five years in Gazette- then moved to the Pioneer- his writings specially monologue and fictions were very impressive- ‘writing and every thing associated with, is a glorious fun’, ‘I love both the fun and riot of writing’- after suffering from malaria he was compelled to left India and went to England in1890- he served about 7 years in India as a journalist- he is still remembered as a creative journalist in the history of Indian journalism- reflections of his Indian experience can be seen in his several writings.

Indian’s involvement in publication

- Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the pioneer Indian journalist and social reformer

- By his inspiration Gangadhar Bhattacharjee published Bengal Gazette (1816),
the first Indian owned English daily newspaper, but could not survive long

- Raja’s own publications- Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali 1821), Mirut ul Akhbar (Persian 1822) and Brahminical Magazine (English 1822)

- Press Regulation –1823 imposed by British govt. in India to control newspapers.

- The regulation was used as a tool to deport James Silk Buckingham, Editor of Calcutta Chronicle.

- Raja presented a petition to Supreme Court to protest the regulation in favour of J.S. Buckingham.

- It was his bold step for the preservation of press freedom, however he defeated the case.


- Anti reformists Hindu fundamentalists published Samachar Chandrika weekly to challenge Raja’s social reforms.

- Raja passed away in 1833

- 1857 Mutiny (the first war of Indian independence) was a turning point to Indian journalism.

- In the issue of mutiny, British owned press and Indian owned press blamed each other in the lowest level.

- British owned press acted like blood mongers of Indians.

- This event worked as a fuel to Indian owned press against the British rule in India.

- Pioneers Indian journalists on those days- Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Gangadhar Bhattacharjee, Bhawani Charan Bannerjee, Dwarkanath Tagore, Girish Chandra Ghose, Harischandra Mukharjee, Ishworchandra Vidyasagar, Kristo Pal, Manmohan Ghose, Keshub Chander Sen etc.

- Other major publications by Indians- The Reformer, Enquirer, Gyan Auneshun, Bengal Herald, Bang Doot, Hindu Patriot, Indian Mirror, Sulab Samachar, etc.

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) is a term that was coined in a debate over media representations of the developing world in UNESCO in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The term was widely used by the MacBride Commission, a UNESCO panel chaired by Nobel Prize winner Seán MacBride, which was charged with creation of a set of recommendations to make global media representation more equitable. The MacBride Commission produced a report titled "Many Voices, One World", which outlined the main philosophical points of the New World Information Communication Order.

Rights relating to communication have been central to the concept of universal human rights emerging in the mid-20th century, and its consolidation in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The idea of a “right to communicate”was at the centre of an international diplomatic row that lasted several years the debate over what became known as a New World Information and Communication Order - NWICO.

Media-imperialism Versus cultural identity

- Nirmala Mani Adhikary

If we ask question that do the mass media produce direct, immediate and powerful influences on the audiences, then a simple yes or no answer is not possible. Sometimes the media seem powerful and sometimes not. We can see that an international 'media culture' has come to stay in which certain languages, cultures and types of story have come to find wide influences in all over the world. The mass media play a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life in these days. The sociological significance of media extends beyond the content of media messages. Their influence is not limited to what we know. People learn and internalize some values, beliefs and norms presented in the media products. Media also affect how we learn about our world and interact with one another. They provide a diversion, a source of conflict, or a unifying force. Such impact is almost obvious when we look at the ways in which the mass media mediate our relationships.

Objective Representation: Photographs as Facts

Dona Schwartz

On December 31, 1996 the Minneapolis Star Tribune published a photograph on its front page that had been shot by one of the staff's most respected photographers, Stormi Greener. The photograph showed the snow covered St. Croix River and the bridge that spans it and connects Wisconsin to Minnesota. The photograph accompanied a story about the US Department of the Interior's veto if a proposal to build a new bridge. Rather than the usual kudos recognizing her efforts, the newspaper awarded Greener a two-day suspension without pay. She had committed an egregious offense: Unbeknown to her editors, she had digitally eliminated power lines from the photograph before it went to press. The Star Tribune's "Visual content editor." Bill Dunn, explained that Greener had violated the newspaper's policy governing digital manipulation of photographs: "We do not manipulate or alter any photography, with the exception of dust spots or imperfections on the negative….we make every effort to publish what the camera saw' (Gilyard 1997,7).

Media Impeialism Vs. Cultural Identity

If we ask question that do the mass media produce direct, immediate and powerful influences on the audiences, then a simple yes or no answer is not possible. Sometimes the media seem powerful and sometimes not. We can see that an international 'media culture' has come to stay in which certain languages, cultures and types of story have come to find wide influences in all over the world. The mass media play a crucial role in almost all aspects of daily life in these days. The sociological significance of media extends beyond the content of media messages. Their influence is not limited to what we know. People learn and internalize some values, beliefs and norms presented in the media products. Media also affect how we learn about our world and interact with one another. They provide a diversion, a source of conflict, or a unifying force. Such impact is almost obvious when we look at the ways in which the mass media mediate our relationships.

In contemporary society, it is media that most often act as the bridge between people of different origins. The media can serve as an entertainer, informer, and also as a way to transmit values or norms. The relationship between society and the media is more complex than a simple 'free flow of information' slogan might suggest. The process of 'mass communication' is not synonymous with the 'mass media', the organized technologies that make mass communication possible. The 'mass communication' remains as an abstract concept while 'mass media' has acquired a status of reality. Globalization in the field of media is not just about the technological innovations used to communicate over long distances. In addition, and perhaps more important, it also refers to the exchange and intermingling of cultures from different parts of the world. In reality, this process is quite unidirectional. Some scholars claim that the export of American and Western popular culture is latter-day imperialism.

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) is a term that was coined in a debate over media representations of the developing world in UNESCO in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The term was widely used by the MacBride Commission, a UNESCO panel chaired by Nobel Prize winner Seán MacBride, which was charged with creation of a set of recommendations to make global media representation more equitable. The MacBride Commission produced a report titled "Many Voices, One World", which outlined the main philosophical points of the New World Information Communication Order.

Rights relating to communication have been central to the concept of universal human rights emerging in the mid-20th century, and its consolidation in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The idea of a “right to communicate”was at the centre of an international diplomatic row that lasted several years the debate over what became known as a New World Information and Communication Order - NWICO.